THE WHITE HOUSE AND ITS SETTING

 

 

" I do hereby declare and make known that the location of…the… district ten miles square shall be found running four of experiment …being so run, I do hereby declare that all that part within the said four lines… is now fixed upon, and directed to be surveyed, defined, limited, and located … for the permanent seat of the Government of the United States. "
George Washington, January 24 1791 I as quoted in Reps, Washington on View, 10.

 

 

 

 

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"The President's House will stand upon a rising ground, not far from the banks of the Potomac, possessing a delightful water prospect, with a commanding view of the Capitol."

George Walker, A Description of the Situation and Plan of the City of Washington Now Building for the Metropolis of America and Established as the Permanent Residence of Congress After the Year 1800, as reprinted in Kenneth Bowling. Creating the Federal City, 1774 -1800: Potomac Fever, 52.

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" I pray heaven to bestow the best of blessings on this house, and all that shall hereafter inhabit it. May none but honest and wise men ever rule under this roof "


John Adams 10 Abigail Adams, November 2, 1800 as quoted in Seale, The President's House 81.

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PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR
THE PLAN

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PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR THE PLAN

INTRODUCTION 7
The White House and President's Park-7
Purpose of the Plan 9
Need for the Plan 9
The Planning Process-9

THE CONTEXT FOR THE PLAN 1 2
The Purpose of the White House and
President's Park 12
Significance of the White House and
President's Park-13
Design Guidelines-14
Desired Futures-16
Primary Interpretive Themes 19

PROBLEMS, ISSUES, AND CONCERNS
CONSIDERED IN THIS DOCUMENT 20
Resource Conservation and Management 22
Home and Office of the President 24
Visitor Use and Services 26
Special Events 29
Transportation-29
Site Management and Operations 31
Concerns and Issues Eliminated from Consideration-32

RELATIONSHIP OF THIS DOCUMENT TO
OTHER PLANS AND EFFORTS 33
Washington, D.C., Plans 33
NPS Plans and Initiatives 40
Other Federal Plans 42

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INTRODUCTION

" [ History ] clearly shows that we arrive at catastrophe by failing to meet situations - by failing to act where we should act. . . [ The] opportunity passes and the next situation byways is more difficult than the last one.
-Eleanor Roosevelt--

The overall purpose of a comprehensive design plan for the White House and President's Park is to provide a framework for future management of the area that will respect past traditions and meet the needs of tomorrow. This effort represents the first comprehensive plan for the property since the site was designated in 1791 by George Washington as the residence for the president.

The White House and President's Park

In 1790 George Washington signed an act of Congress declaring that the federal government wooed reside in an area Not exceeding ten miles square…on the river Potomac'' ---- the city now known as Washington. DC The placement of the White House was integral to the design for the new federal city developed by; Pierre Charles L'Enfant. The architecture for the house was to be monumental, with a classical theme symbolizing democracy, and large public parks surrounding it to provide an appropriate setting. The site. selected in 1791. had sweeping vistas that would connect the buildings representing the executive and legislate branches of government.

Construction of the presidential residence began in 1792, and in November 1800 the first residents --- John and Abigail Adams ---moved in. Since then. the White House has been the official residence of every president.

The White House is a classic Georgian manor house that is one of the most important buildings in the history of the United States:

* It is the home and office of the president of the United States and the settings for official presidential functions including, dinners and welcoming ceremonies for foreign heads of state.
* It is the center of the executive branch of government. the headquarters of the commander in claim of the nation's armed forces. and an office complex.
* It is a unit of the national park system, a public tour destination, and a fully accredited museum.
* It is the place where citizens have the constitutional right to come and petition the president.
* It is a focus for popular public celebrations such as presidential inaugural parades. annual Easter edit rolls. and the Pageant of Peace in December.

The White House and President's Park, including Lafayette Park, and the Ellipse are a public trust. important symbols of our nation's heritage. The management of this area must remain flexible to accommodate the various

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Vicinity

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formal and informal uses that occur daily. The preservation of the site's resources must be ensured by prudent and adequate planning and by sensitive design. These are the planning and design challenges inherent at the White House and President's Park.

The White House and the surrounding President's Park consist of approximately 82 acres. The total area includes several smaller, related elements. To the north is Lafayette Park; to the west are West Executive Avenue, the Old Executive Office Building and its grounds, plus the First Division Monument, to the east are East Executive Park, the Treasury Building and its grounds, plus Sherman Park; and to the south is President's Park South, commonly referred to as the Ellipse. Boundaries for the site generally run from H Street on the northern edge of Lafayette Park, along Jackson and Madison Places south to Pennsylvania Avenue. east and west on Pennsylvania to l5th and 17th Streets, and south to Constitution Avenue.

Purpose of the Plan

The comprehensive design plan for the White House has three specific purposes:

1. Identify what needs and functions will have to he
accommodated at the site over the next 20 years

2. Determine how best to ensure the provision of important
resources on the site, including the White House itself.

3. Solve the logistical and management problems that have
developed over the years.

This Comprehensive Design Plan and Draft Environmental Impact Statement presents and evaluates a range of feasible alternatives for guiding the future management and use of the buildings, grounds, and resources of the White House and President's Park. The intent is to guide the efficient administration and operation of the site, to ensure the protection of its resources, and to interpret its significance to the public

Need for the Plan

The White House and President's Pack are a manifestation of more than 200 years of incremental change. Most problems have been addressed as they have arisen, while some have not been addressed at all. The lack of a comprehensive plan has generally resulted in a piecemeal approach to problem solving and development.

Present needs are not being met for the Executive Residence, the Office of the President, or the ever-increasing numbers of visitors who come to tour the White House. In addition, surrounding urban land uses continue to encroach on President's Park and threaten its dignity and character. The problems confronting the White House and President's park, which are further described beginning on page 20, were identified through a series of issue workshops with agencies and organizations having interests or responsibilities at the site, as well as with the general public.

The Planning Process

To address the issues and concerns facing the White House and President's Park, and to crate a vision for the future of the site, the National Park Service proposed a comprehensive design plan in 1989 and presented the proposal to the various agencies with responsibilities at the White House and President's Park ( see the text box on the next page ).

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Purpose and Need for the Plan

Congress provided funding to the National Park Service to begin the planning process in 1992.

An Executive Committee, consisting of representatives from each of the agencies with responsibilities at the site has worked with the National Park Service to discuss issues and concerns and to review interim planning products. The range of alternatives presented in this document has been developed as a result of the work of this committee.

As part of this planning process the purpose and significance of the White House and President's Park were defined and various groups were asked to create broad conceptual statements ( refereed to as desired futures ) of what the White House and President's Park should be in the future. These statements provided the context for the alternatives and the proposed plan, and they are presented in the neat chapter.

Some fundamental assumptions regarding use and management of both the White House and President's Park were also made at the beginning of the planning process to establish the general direction and scope of the plan. Many of these are embodied in the purpose, significance, and desired future statements; the rest are presented in the introduction to the proposed plan and alternatives.

Site Jurisdiction

Jurisdiction for the White House and President's Park is Shared by various federal departments and the District Columbia. Their relationships hinge on precedents and legislation that have accrued over time. The following agencies and federally chartered organizations have stewardship and oversight responsibilities within the site:
Executive Office of the President
Executive at the White House
White House Military Office
U.S. Deportment of the Treasury Park U.S. Secret Service
General Services Administration
National Park Service
District of Columbia
Commission of Fine Arts
National Capital Planning Commission
Advisory Council on Historic
Preservation
Pennsylvania Avenue Development
Corporation ( until April 1996 )

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THE CONTEXT FOR THE PLAN

A Vision for the White House
and President's Park

The White House, more than any other public structure in the United States, exemplifies the history of the presidency of the United States of America. Every president has been associated with this building --- George Washington selected the site and oversaw initial construction, while all succeeding presidents have lived within its walls. The White House and the surrounding President's Park are enduring symbols of our republican form of government and the democratic principles on which it was founded.

The vision for the future management of the White House and President's Park is to continue to celebrate the rich traditions of the past while adopting technological advances to meet the needs of the future. Through comprehensive planning, the White House will continue to serve the president and the executive branch of government. Public access to the White House, which is symbolic of access to the government of our country, will remain available to all citizens. As a unit of the national park system, President's Park will continue to set preeminent standards for resource protection and design excellence, and its management and use will exemplify the highest ideals of interagency cooperation and public service.

The context for the comprehensive design plan is based on statements of purpose and significance for the White House and President's Park, Design Guidelines that have been adopted for future design elements, themes for interpreting to visitors what the White House means to our nation, and desired futures for the site.

The Purpose of the White House and President's Park

The following statements identify the reasons why the White House and President's Park were created and have been set aside as important national treasures.

The White House

* Provide a residence that offers privacy, protection, and recreational opportunities for the first family.

* Provide a suitable location for the official functions and activities of the presidency.
Provide office facilities for the president and immediate staff.

* Preserve and interpret the museum character of the White House; provide public access to the principal corridor on the ground floor and to the state rooms on the first floor.

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The Context for tile Plan President's Park

* Preserve the cultural resources of the White House its architecture, artifacts, landscape design, gardens and grounds, and the surrounding parklands in ways that foster and preserve dignity and respect for the office of the presidency, while still allowing for their use.

* Provide a dignified transition area from an urban environment to the White House environs.

* Interpret the history and significance of the presidency, the White House, and President's Park, including their relation-ship to the American public, our republican form of government, and the growth of Washington, D.C.

* Preserve existing historic memorials as examples of memorial art.

* Provide a large open area associated with the White House for freedom of public expression and assembly activities, as well as for public use and enjoyment.

* Protect and enhance views to and from the White House and provide a setting for viewing the White House.

* Preserve Lafayette Park as open public space in the foreground of the White House, as a setting for passive activities (reflecting, observing, making a personal connection with the presidency), First Amendment activities within legal limitations, and as a support area for presidential inaugural activities.

* Preserve and interpret Lafayette Park as one element of the oldest planned federal reservation in the nation, an example of early American landscape design, and the 19th century neighborhood of the president.

* Provide a setting for viewing the White House and elements of the Lafayette Square National
Historic Landmark District.

Significance of the White House and President's Park

The following statements describe the importance or distinctiveness of the many uses and resources within the White House and Presidents Park.

The White House

The White House is significant as the official residence and office of every U.S. president and his family except George Washington. It is the only official residence of a head of state in the world that is regularly open to the public free of charge. The White House is also an extraordinary museum comprised of rare and fine arts, furnishings, and objects many of which are associated with past presidents and making it possible for people to come in direct contact with our nation's history.

The White House is the oldest federally built building in Washington, D.C., and it is one of the foremost examples of 18th century architecture and stone carving in the United States. The White House also serves as a sustaining focal point for an important historic neighborhood.

The White House is a symbol of the power and authority of the U.S. presidency, the center of the executive branch of government,

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PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR THE PLAN

and the focus of diplomatic relations with other countries. As such, the White House is the setting for interactions between the public and the president, as well as between the president and other heads of state. To many the White House is a symbol of a free and democratic nation because it is accessible and open, as is the ideal of the democratic process. Its endurance for 200 years reflects the stability of our nation. As a result, the White House evokes an extraordinary range and depth of emotions among U.S. citizens and visitors from other cultures and countries.

President's Park

President's Park reflects the growth of the presidency, as well as the evolving social and cultural experiences of our nation. The park is the oldest federal reservation in the nation, and it is a nationally significant historic landscape that continues to reflect the design principles of Pierre L'Enfant in 1791, Andrew Jackson Downing in 1851, and the Olmsted brothers in the 1930s-design principles that have withstood the test of time. President's Park is integral to the historic layout of the city, which was initially designed to physically represent the functional relationships of the three branches of our government. Memorials that have been incorporated into the historic landscape design commemorate significant events and individuals in the nation's history. The White House grounds contain commemorative plantings by presidents and first ladies.

The White House and President's Park contain valuable open space in the center of a densely urban environment. This space is available for use by the president, the first family, and the public. The surrounding President's Park also allows for public access and assembly close to the White House, and it serves as a national and even international stage for the expression of First Amendment rights and for U.S. citizens to petition their government.

Lafayette Square National Historic Landmark District, which includes adjacent buildings, represents the president's neighborhood its function, landscape design, architecture, and social purpose as a place for people to gather.

As a focus of national events for over 200 years, the White House grounds and President's Park contain important historic archeological resources relating to the history of the American presidency and to the history of Washington, D.C.

Design Guidelines

Design Guidelines for the White House and President's Park, approved in 1995, provide a framework of mutually agreed on tenets that guide, but do not dictate' future development. The guidelines identify principles for architecture' landscape architecture, design elements, signs, and temporary facilities. They are based on existing designs in and around Presidents Park and the White House.

The guidelines emphasize that President's Park will continue to be integral to the design of Washington, D.C., including the historical relationship to the Monumental Core and the National Mall. (The Design Guidelines have been printed as a separate volume; see NPS 1997a).

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The Context for the Plan

Design Guidelines for President's Park

The following general guidelines define the parameters for design. They are not parameters; rather they provide designers a philosophy and a framework within which to provide creative yet appropriate designs for the White House and President's Park.

1.Site elements from earlier significant planning efforts will be respected and conserved, including the classical 18th century forms that are inherent to the layout of President's Park and the city of Washington, D.C. All components of President's Park are designed historic landscapes, and the Secretary of the Interior's standards for Historic Preservation will be followed in the management and treatment of these landscapes.

2. The distinct character of each of the site's three areas Lafayette Park, the White House and the Ellipse - will be respected, white recognizing that together these areas function as a significant - design element in the layout of Washington, D.C.

3. The design vocabulary and palette for the site will complement and articulate the dignity and importance of the resource, drawing from the existing appropriate architecture and landscape architecture in and around the site. To this end, proposed elements will respect the size, scale, mass, proportion, and the spatial relationships between them.

4. The traditional vistas from the White House to the north and south, as well as vistas toward the White House, will be respected of all times.

5. All designs will incorporate sound environmental, principles and environmentally and economically beneficial resource management technologies and practices.

6. The quality of the pedestrian experience will remain a high priority in all designs.

7. The needs to accommodate service security, and ceremonial functions will be met in a manner that is consistent with the dignity and importance of the site.

8. Neither security nor aesthetics will be compromised by actions on site.

9. Design elements that communicate appropriate visual quality, continuity and consistency will define the boundaries of President's Park and will create a specific identity for the park, but will also complement the design qualities of adjacent areas.

* Materials used on the she will be compatible will its unique character. To this end all items used in the park --- benches, stonework grillwork, fences, light posts, and other elements --- will relate to the whole and will relate to the whole and will complement the overall District of Columbia federal park system.

* All elements must be designed to withstand intense use while still importing a sense of dignity and elegance.

* Transitions into President's Park should show a connection with the city. The quality and appearance of materials will announce a special precinct, President's Park and the National Mall need special treatment as transition zones that reinforce mutual relationships.

* Signs and signals will be kept to a minimum within and adjacent to President's Park, consistent with adequate visitor orientation and safety messages.

10. Plant materials will reflect traditional landscape elements in mass and alignment. The choice of specific planning materials will remain flexible but will be guided by the intent of principle I and will complement the palette of existing plant materials.

* The landscape design will continue to use vegetation to define and refine spatial relationships.

* Planting and planting designs outside the White House fence will complement those inside the fence in qualify, scale, and selection.

11. Designs for President's Park will remain flexible and capable of being appropriately adopted in response to technological advances, future demands, and changes in adjacent historic and commercial neighborhoods.

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PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR THE PLAN

Desired Futures

Desired futures envision what the White House and President's Park should be like 20 years from now. They are phrased in the present tense to emphasize what existing conditions should be in the fixture. The purpose of these statements is to guide planning efforts by ensuring that proposed actions are compatible with the long-range vision for both the White House and President's Park. They were developed by over 80 subject matter experts and agency representatives during a series of workshops in the fall of 1993 (see appendix G; desired futures relating specifically to the news media are included in appendix H.)

Resource Conservation and Management

White House: The historical integrity of the White House and its collections is retained.

The Preservation of Significant Cultural and Natural Resources: All significant cultural and natural resources of the White House and President's Park receive high-quality care and maintenance, and their integrity is protected while accommodating contemporary site functions and operational requirements; changes are continually identified and documented through time.

Cultural Landscape --The integrity and character-defining features of the White House and its grounds, Lafayette Park, and the Ellipse are preserved and maintained, while allowing for minor surface modifications to meet contemporary needs.

Visual Character - People experience a special sense of place upon entering President's Park from the surrounding city. The park landscape communicates a sense of openness and access to the White House and the presidency, even when people are unable to enter portions of the area.

Visitor Experience and Expectations - People have the opportunity to experience an immaculately kept, parklike landscape and to enjoy historic vistas without unsightly intrusions when within or viewing President's Park and the White House grounds.

RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION

The White House and President's Park, as preeminent American resources, demand a conservation ethic that will guarantee the existence of these resources for future generations of Americans. To help ensure adequate attention to conservation and resource management, the National Park Service was placed in charge of the property in 1933. In addition, Congress passed legislation, in 1961 stating that the property will be managed in accordance with the NPS Organization Act of 1916. The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 underscored the commitment of the federal government to preserving these historic resources within the context of daily official functions and uses.

A conservation charge for the White House and President's Park presents unique administrative challenges. Its landscape is one that is seemingly unchangeable in reality, however, it has undergone almost constant change to meet presidential needs, A balance is often difficult to achieve and requires prudent consideration and decisions on the part of the administrators who are responsible for protecting the cultural and natural resources. Currently, the National Park Service shares its purview with 10 other federal agencies who have responsibilities at the site. The conservation and preservation of resources cannot be guaranteed unless all agencies achieve that common goal.

The National Park Service is committed to maintaining a constructive dialogue to guarantee continued cooperation in conserving and preserving the resources of the White House and President's Park. The agency will continue to promote communication with cooperating agencies and coordination of day-to-day activities, respecting the various shared departmental authorities and working toward mutual conservation and preservation goals.

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The Context for the Plan

Home and Office of the President

As a Home: The White House is a private home that provides for the needs of the first family.

As an Office: The White House is the Office of the President' and support services are designed to be flexible to meet the changing needs of the presidency.

Internal Functions:

Space Requirements - Secure space is provided for first family indoor recreational activities. Space is available in or near the White House to store materials and stage meetings and official functions. News media facilities are provided and can be easily upgraded for state-of-the-art communications.

Deliveries - Supplies and materials are delivered efficiently and discreetly to the White House.

Access - Access to the White House for presidential and official visitors remains flexible. All visitors are screened quickly and efficiently and welcomed in a cordial way, befitting a visit to the home and office of the president.

Infrastructure - Utility and communication systems are upgraded to be efficient, environmentally and visually sensitive, and easily maintained. Temporary systems respect significant site resources and meet the needs of White House events.

Visitor Else and Services

Information / Orientation:

Pre-visit Information - Pre-visit information is promoted and readily available through a variety of sources. It is comprehensive and facilitates the planning needs for the broadest range of potential visitors.

Site Orientation - Accurate orientation and information about the White House, nearby attractions, and transportation services are easily obtained at various locations and are effective for the full range of visitors (including non-English speaking visitors).

Interpretation / Education:

White House - Visitors are educated' in-spired, and empowered by the White House its rooms, character, many uses, past and present occupants, history, and symbolism through a variety of interpretive tools' including personal services, programs, and exhibits. Visitors are introduced to the ideals of democracy and understand why it is important to become involved in their country's future.

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PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR THE PLAN

President's Park Resources - Visitors are educated about other resources of the White House and President's Park, such as natural resources, historic structures, landscapes' monuments, and archeological resources, to increase their personal involvement with the site and thereby con-tribute to its preservation.

Public Outreach - A plan for public out-reach is regularly updated and is used to contact the broadest possible audience.

White House Tours:

Visitor Experience - The process of visiting the White House is efficient, meaningful, and enjoyable for all visitors. Such an experience is facilitated by providing (1) learning opportunities that enhance the actual touring experience; (2) a smooth transition between pre-tour orientation and the tour itself; and (3) a cordial, enthusiastic reception and the opportunity to linger within the White House.

Visitor Screened -Security screening is a pleasant experience that enhances a sense of awareness and appreciation that one is entering the home and office of the president.

Visitor Services:

Basic Services - Safe, comfortable shelter is available during inclement weather, and basic visitor services are provided on the site or are easily accessible.

Ticketing - Opportunities for day-of-visit reservations continue to be available for White House tours.

Recreation: Traditional passive and active recreational uses continue on the Ellipse.

Special Events

Event Character: A sense of purpose, quality' and dignity, which complements the purpose and setting of the White House, accompanies all special events in President's Park. The physical characteristics, history, and atmosphere of each of the various spaces within President's Park are preserved and enhanced by these events.

Infrastructure: Utility systems are upgraded to be efficient, environ-mentally and visually sensitive, and easily maintained. Temporary systems respect significant site resources and meet the needs of President's Park events.

Transportation

Access to the Site: Visitors can easily travel to the site by using various modes of transportation, including a convenient visitor transportation system that connects major attractions in Washington's Monumental Core. Transit arrivals and departures are at easily accessible, safe gateway locations on the site.

Parking: Parking for diplomatic and business visitors, as well as staff (Executive Office and Treasury) is provided in secure, out-of-sight locations and within convenient access of the White House.

Site Circulation:

Pedestrian Environment - People are able to walk safely throughout the site, without conflicts with moving or parked vehicles.

Pedestrian Circulation - People travel easily around the site by means of a convenient, easily accessible transportation system (such as a shuttled that connects with other facilities and visitor opportunities.

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The Context for the Plan

Vehicular Circulation - Roadways within and adjacent to the site accommodate diplomatic and presidential motorcades, and other Executive Office functions, in an efficient and safe manner.

Primary Interpretive Themes

The primary interpretive themes are statements of what ideally every visitor should understand and know about the White House and President's Park. The themes are fully explained in appendix D. The primary function of the White House is to be the home of the president and the president's family.

* The White House is a symbol of the presidency, of a free democratic society and through its continuity, of the stability of our nation.

* President's Park, as a primary element of the federal city, serves as a stage for active participation in the democratic process, and is linked by Pennsylvania Avenue America's main street to the legislative and judicial processes on Capitol Hill.

* The White House is a mirror and magnifier of the nation's cultural, recreational, and topical history.

* The White House is the seat of the executive branch of government.

* Many people from different backgrounds and cultures have been essential in the growth and operation of the White House as the home and office of the president.

* The White House is an example of the continuum of history through its stories as well as its artifacts.

* The stability of the design and architecture of the White House and President's Park is a product of continuing adaptation to changing needs and technology.

* The responses of presidents and first ladies to the challenges of the presidency provide important lessons in their varying capabilities to handle difficulties.

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PROBLEMS, ISSUES, AND CONCERNS
CONSIDERED IN THIS DOCUMENT

Many problems, issues, and concerns relating to the White House and President's Park have been identified through scoping activities and the ongoing involvement of the Executive Committee, as well as other agencies and organizations. Most of these relate to the overall character of the site, important cultural and natural resources, and ongoing activities and problems that affect existing site users (including the president, White House staff, business and tour visitors, and local residents).

The concept of the White House being physically and symbolically accessible to U.S. citizens is central to many planning concerns. As the home and office of the president, the White House is a tangible link to the executive branch of government and to the democratic process, and public access to the People's House is perceived as a means of access to the president. In the early 1800s, visitors wandered at will through the White House. However, this openness has been necessarily reduced over time in order to protect the president and the first family. Presidential assassinations, wars, threats of violence, and terrorist attacks have resulted in more and more precautions to ensure the protection not only of the first family, but also of visitors and staff who work on the site.

Generally, safety measures have been taken in ways that respect the tradition of public access to the site. However, any loss of access to the White House is perceived as a loss of access to the president and as an infringement of democratic principles. The need to provide security for the White House and its occupants must be balanced with the need to maintain public access to the home and office of the president.

Problems, issues, and concerns that were identified during the scoping process may be divided into two categories: (I) those related to operational activities for the Executive Residence and the Executive Office; and (2) those directly affecting the general public, a resource, or a function of major public interest. Problems and concerns related to operational activities (such as presidential security) are not addressed in this document either be-cause they are sensitive or because they are operational concerns that do not affect the public.
The problems, issues, and concerns are presented in the following categories:

* Resource Conservation and Management problems and concerns relating to the cultural landscape and the protection of cultural and natural resources

* Home and Office of the President - concerns relating to the Executive Residence (the White House proper, see the figure on page 26) and office support functions

* Visitor Use and Services concerns relating to the interpretation of the site to visitors and public educational opportunities, White House tours, and recreational opportunities

* Special Events-concerns related to the management of public events, inaugural parades, and large demonstrations and marches

* Transportation-problems and concerns relating to visitor access, staff parking, site circulation' traffic congestion, and pedestrian safety

* Site Management and Operations- concerns relating to utilities, infrastructure, and daily operations

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Comprehensive Design Plan Continued