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Overview Kosovo: The Jerusalem of Serbia
Nestled in the mountains of southern Yugoslavia is the impoverished Kosovo province, whose historical significance lies at the heart of a conflict that has haunted the region for decades. On the surface, the fighting is a bloody tug-of-war between ethnic Albanians and Serbians over Kosovo, a province of Serbia (Yugoslavia's dominant republic) where ethnic Albanians comprise a majority of the population. Fighting for an independent Kosovo state is the rebel group of ethnic Albanians. Fighting against the rebels are Serbian forces of Yugoslav President Slobodan Milosevic, who will not cede control.
The Battle of Kosovo Over the next 500 years, neighboring Albanians continued to leave their homeland to settle in the region. By the time the Serbs reclaimed Kosovo in the Balkans Wars of 1912 to 1913, ethnic Albanians made up a significant portion of the population. They became a majority by the 1950s as their birth rate boomed and Serbs continued to migrate north. Today, 1.8 million ethnic Albanians outnumber Serbs 9 to 1 in Kosovo a fact that combined with events of recent history compel ethnic Albanians to proclaim the land theirs.
Stirring Serbian Nationalism Although Kosovo and Vojvodina were granted self-rule since Tito and the Communists founded the Yugoslavian federation in 1945, the constitutional revision gave ethnic Albanians in Kosovo control over local affairs and the Albanian language equal footing with Serbo-Croation. Tito's death in 1980 offered opportunity to Slobodan Milosevic, a rising politician who became leader of the Serbian communist party in 1986. Capitalizing on the Serbian resentment toward ethnic Albanians and Tito, Milosevic used the Kosovo issue to stir nationalism. In rallies, he exhorted Serbs to fight for the province that he declared they would win back. When Milosevic became president in 1989, he stripped Kosovo's autonomy, and later forced Albanians from their state jobs, shut down their media and suppressed the Albanian language. Milosevic also dismantled the legislative assembly after ethnic Albanian legislators declared independence.
One Land, Two Kosovos Leading the unrecognized political entity is Ibrahim Rugova, a writer and political intellectual voted "president" during the 1992 shadow government elections. Rugova's nonviolent stance against Serbian rule fueled the formation of an armed guerrilla group who decided to take matters into their own hands.
Rise of the KLA
Pressure intensified for a quick resolution to the conflict many feared would spill over Kosovo's borders. In the months following Milosevic's renewed attacks, the United States, Russia, Britain, France, Germany and Italy the "Contact Group" responsible for negotiating peace in the Balkans leveled sanctions against Yugoslavia. The six-nation group was formed in 1994 to help resolve the Bosnian conflict and was instrumental in the 1995 Dayton Peace Accord. The Kosovo turmoil has revealed staunch political differences among members of the international community. The United States and Western allies condemn repression against ethnic Albanians, but do not support the KLA's aspirations of autonomy; the Albanians many of whom have taken their refugee brethren into their own homes support a NATO attack and an autonomous Kosovo. Russia, which shares religious and cultural ties to the Serbs, opposes NATO intervention and sees the conflict as Yugoslavia's affair. Meanwhile, the West, including the Clinton administration, came under fire for inaction and failing to carry out threats of military action against Milosevic.
A Tenous Peace On Oct. 13, Milosevic and U.S. envoy Richard Holbrooke agreed to a cease-fire that required partially withdrawing government forces, and allowing 2,000 inspectors under the aegis of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) to monitor the cease-fire and activities of both sides. The truce temporarily ended the eight-month offensive that killed more than 1,000 people and left over 125,000 homeless.
Sporadic fighting and the Jan. 16 discovery of 45 slaughtered ethnic Albanians in the Kosovo village of Racak has threatened to unravel the truce. In the face of international condemnation, Milosevic refused a request for an investigation into the killings by the U.N. war crimes tribunal. He has also ordered expelled William Walker, the American head of the international monitoring mission in Kosovo, who held Serbian police responsible for the massacre. Milosevic's hard-line stance against pleas to end the fighting has revived the threat of NATO airstrikes. Aileen Yoo, Washingtonpost.Newsweek Interactive producer
© Copyright 1999 The Washington Post Company
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