Sinctrely,

(signed)
James I. McDaniel
Director
White House Laision

Ms. Margaret L. DeLaura
United States Department of the Interior
National Park Service
12795 W. Alameda Parkway
P.O. Box Z5287
Denver, CO 80225-0287

Re: President 'a Park, Package 117, White House, Project Type 03 Washington, DC

Dear Ms. DeLaura:

Appendix J: Letters of Consultation

Sincerelv.

(signed)
John P. Wolflin
Supervisor
Chenaneake Bay Field Office

GLOSSARY

allee: Defined by Webslers third New lnter-national Dictionary as '`a walk or path between two rows of formally planted trees or shrubs," and by the American Heritage Dictionary as a "path berween flower beds or trees in a garden or park." Within the discipline of landscape architecture allee has been used to connote a linear and axial design and relationship, as in the formal French gardens of Le Notre and others where an allee is used to create perspective illusions (i.e., where the entrance is larger than the terminus). For the purposes of this document, however, allee is used ill its original context to mean a passageway or path bordered by vegetation, regardless of the shape of the walkway.

cultural landscape: A geographic area, including both natural and cultural resources, associated with historic events, activities, or persons. The National Park Service recognizes four general types of cultural landscape categories: historic designed landscapes, historic vernacular land-scapes, historic sites, and ethnographic landscapes.

cumulative impacts: Those impacts on the environment that result from the incremental impacts of the action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions, regardless of who undertakes them. Cumulative impacts can result from individually minor but collectively significant actions taking place over a period of time.

cut-and-cover construction: A construction technique for belowground construction that is the simplest and most cost-effective method. It is used for relatively shallow excavations that usually do not exceed a depth of 35' to 40'. Excavation is an open trench where the sides are either sloped back or supported by sheet-pile walls and soldier piles in confined areas.

Ellipse: The central oval open space between E Street and Constitution Avenue. It is surrounded by Ellipse Drive. The side panels of the Ellipse extend to 1 5th and 1 7th Streets.

environmental assessment: A concise public document prepared by a federal agency to satisfy the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended. The document contains sufficient analysis to determine whether the proposed action (1) constitutes a major action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment, thereby requiring the preparation of an environmental impact statement, or (2) does not constitute such an action, resulting in a finding of no significant impact being issued by the agency.

environmental impact statement (EIS): The detailed public statement required by the National Environmental Policy Act when an agency proposes a major action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. The statement includes a detailed description of the proposed action and alternatives, as well as the identification and evaluation of potential impacts that would occur from implementing the proposed action or alternatives.

Executive Committee: A committee consisting of the Icadcrship of the stewardship and oversight agencies who have congressionally chartered missions at the Whitc Housc or the surrounding park lands and city streets. It includes representatives of the Executive Office of the President, the Executive Residence at the White House, the White House Military Offcc, the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the U.S. Secret Service, the National Park Service, the General Services Administration, the Commission of Fine Arts, the National Capital Planning Commission, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the District of Columbia, and the Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation (the latter until 1996).

finding of no significant impact (FONSI): A public document that briefly presents the reasons why an action will not have a significant impact on the human environment, and therefore, will not require the preparation of an environmental impact statement.

level of service (LOS): Level of service describes the operation of a segment of road or intersection

Glossary

five is for traffic to operate at LOS D or better. In downtown areas during peak commuting times some level of congestion is both normal and inevi-table, and LOS E is often considered acceptable.

mined tunnel construction: Mined tunnels are constructed with no disruption to the surface except at periodic locations referred to as "mucking shafts" or "jacking pits," which are used to remove debris or deliver construction materials. A temporary lining is erected as the tunnel is advanced. The most common method is referred to as "jacked pipe tunnel." This technique lessens the potential for settlement to structures and surface improvements, and it is recommended in areas where pedestrian/service corridors cross below streets with major utilities or pass below structures or monuments.

preservation; The act or process of applying measures to sustain the existing form, integrity, and material of a historic structure, landscape, or object. Work may include preliminary measures to protect and stabilize the property, but generally focuses on the ongoing preservation maintenance and repair of historic materials and features rather than extensive replacement and new work. For historic structures, exterior additions are not within the scope of this treatment; however, the limited and sensitive upgrading of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems and other code-required work to make properties functional is appropriate.

President's Park: The area consisting of the White House and its immediate grounds, the Old Executive Office Building to the west of the White House, the Treasury Building to the east, Lafayette Park to the north, the First Division Monument to the southwest, Sherman Park to the southeast, and the Ellipse and its side panels to the south.

President's Park South: Generally considered to be the area south of the White House, the Old Executive Office Building, and the Treasury Building. This area includes the First Division Monument, Sherman Park, and the Ellipse, as well as its side panels.

primary views: Primary views are those seen from principal paths, streets, and observation pohits located along the main axes of the park landscape. These views may be terminated within the park by architectural munumenis and elevations or by historic park topography and vegetation, outside the park they may be terminated by distant views of architectural landmarks or by topography and vegetation. Also see secondary views.

rehabilitation: The act or process of making pos-sible an efficient, compatible use for a historic structure or landscape through repair, alterations, and additions while preserving those portions or features that convey its historical, cultural, and architectural values.

restoration: The act or process of accurately de-picting the form, features, and character of a his-toric structure, landscape, or object as it appeared at a particular period of time by means of remov-ing features from other periods in its history and reconstructing missing features from the restora-tion period.

secondary views: Those views seen from paths, streets, and observation points not on the main park landscape axes. These views also may be terminated inside or outside the park by historic architecture or vegetation. Also see primary views.

Arthur Cotton Moore Associates
1985 The Aesthetic Master Plan of the Main Treasury Building and Treasury Annex. Washington, DC: ACM/A.

Bowling, Kenneth
1988 Creating the Federal City 1774-1800: Potomac Fever. Washington, DC: American Institute of Architects Press.

BRW, Inc.
1993 "President's Park Traffic Data and Analysis." Prepared for the National Park Service with Lee Engineering. Denver, CO.

1994a "Memorial Core: Draft Transportation Study." Prepared for the National Park Service. Denver, CO.

1994b "Parking Inventory." Prepared for the National Park Service. Denver, CO.

Rarton-Aschrnan Associates, Inc.
1996 "Analysis of Transportation Conditions after Trafficc Restriction and Street Modifications in the Vicinity of the White House " Prepared for the U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.

Bureau of Census, U.S. Department of Commerce
1990 Selected Census Data on Population and Housing Characteristics for Washington, D. C. Denver Regional Office..

1994 Current Population Reports: Popula-tion Projections for Slates by Age, Sex, Race and Hispanic Origin: 1993 to 2020, by Paul R. Campbell. Economics and Statistics Administration.

Calloway, Stephen, and Elizabeth Cromley
1991 The Elements of Style: A Practical En-cyclopedia of Interior Architectural Details from 1485 to the Present New York: Simon and Schuster.

Cammerer, Hans P.
1932 Washington, the National Capital. Washington, DC: Government Printing

Cook, Blanche Wiesen
1992 Eleanor Roosevelt. Vol. 1: 1884-1933. New York: Viking Penguin.

Council of the District of Columbia
1977 District of Columbia Law 2-53. Noise Control Act of 1977. Vol. 24, DC Register 5293 (December 30).

Dames and Moore
1986 "GSA Steam Tunnels Investigation, Geotechnical Investigation." Draft Report to Alpha Corporation.

District of Columbia

1992a 1990 Census: Population and Housing for the District of Columbia. Prepared by the Office of Planning, Data Management Division. Washington, DC.

1992b 1990 Census: Social, Economic and Housing Characteristics. Prepared by the Office of Planning, Data Management Division. Washington, DC.

1992c The District of Columbia Water /Quality Assessment: Report to the Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Congress, Pursuant to Section 305(b) Clean Water Act (P. L 97-117) Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs, Environmental Regulation Administration, Water Resources Management Division. Washington, DC.

1995 Drafl Environmental Assessment for the Proposed D.C. Arena. A submission requirement for the National Capital Planning Commission. Washington, DC.

1996a District of Columbia FY 1997 Budget and Financial Plan Office of Budget and Finance, Washington, DC.

1996b Occupational Employment Projections -Year 2005; Labor Market Update, District of Columbia. Department of Employment Services, Labor Market Information and Research Staff. Washington, DC.

Selected Bibliography

District of Columbia, National Capital Planning Commission, National Park Service, Federal High-way Administration General Services Administra-tion, Smithsonian Institution, Commission of Fine Arts, Architect of the Capitol
1993 Streetscape Manual: Interagency Initia-tive for National Mall Road Improve-ment Program, Washington, DC.

Dolkart, Andrew
1984 The Old Executive Office Building: A Victorian Masterpiece, edited by Mina Wright. Prepared for the Executive Office of the President, Office of Administration. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

Dowd, Mary Jane, comp.
1992 Records of the Off ce of Public Build-ings and Public Parks of the National Capital, Records Group 42, Inventory No. 16. Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration.

EDAW, Inc., Land and Community Associates, Cynthia 2;aitzevsky & Associates, John Milner Associates
1995 "President's Park Cultural Landscape Report; Site History, Existing Condi-tions, Analysis, and Evaluation." Pre-pared for the National Park Service. On file at the Denver Service Center.

Federal Emergency Management Agency
1985 "Flood Insurance Rate Map, District of Columbia, Washington D.C." Panel 15 of 30 (community-panel 110001 0015 B). Effective date: November 15. Washington, DC.

Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation
1997 "Analysis of Transportation Conditions after Trafficc Restrictions and Street Modifications in the Vicinity of the White House." Prepared by Barton-Aschman Associates, Inc.

General Services Administration
1996 "Parking Study, Comprehensive Design Plan for the White House." Prepared for the National Park Service. Washington, DC.

General Services Administration and Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation
1988 The Revised Master Plan for the Fed-erat Triangle. Prepared for the National Capital Planning Commission. Washington, DC.

Gutheim, Frederick
1977 Worthy of the Nation: The History of Planning for the National Capital. Prepared for the National Capital Plan-ning Commission. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Hegeman, Werner, and Elbert Peets
1988 The American Vitravius: An Architect 's Handbook on Civic Art. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.

Humphrey, Robert L, and Mary Elizabeth Chambers
1977 Ancient Washington. American Indian Cultures of the Potomac Valley. George Washington University Series, no. 6. Washington, DC: George Washington University.

Janson, H. W.
1966 A History of Art: A Survey of the Major Visual Arts from the Dawn of History to the Present Day. New York: Harry N. Abrams.

Jellicoe, Geoffrey, and Susan Jellicoe
1987 The Landscape of Man. New York: Thames and Hudson.

Kimball, Fiske, and George Harold Edgell
1918 History of Architecture. New York: Harper Brothers.

Knox, A. S.
1969 "Glacial Age Marsh, Lafayette Park, Washington, DC." Science 165, 795-97.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kohler, Sue A.
1990 The Commission of Fine Arts: A Brief History 191~1990. Washington, DC: The Commission of Fine Arts

Machlis, Gary E., Margaret Littlejohn, and Jeannie Harvey. See University of Idaho, Cooperative Park Studies Unit.

MacDonald, Lynn
1994 "Bad Dirt: What You Can't See Can Hurt." Urban Forests, February/ March.

McEwan, Barbara
1992 White House Landscapes: Horticultural Achievements of American Presidents. New York: Walker and Company.

Marshall, Robert
1975 "Artifacts Salvaged from the Presi-dent's Pool Excavation," (Sept. 8), and "Indian Artifacts from President's Pool Excavation," (Nov. 5). Memorandum reports. On file at the Executive Support Facility, White House Liaison, National Park Service, Washington, L)C.

Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments

1993 1990 Potomac River Water Quality, Conditions and Trends in the Washington Metropolitan Region, by Jon Lugbill and Karl Berger. Deparlmenl of Environmental Programs.

1996 Economic Trends in Metropolitan Washington, 1991-1995, by Joseph Ball and James Woodwell. Department of Human Services, Planning and Public Safety, Washington, DC (July 10).

Moore, Elizabeth A., and Joan C. Chase
1992 "Prehistoric Context." In "Archeological Survey of the Southwest Quadrant of the District of Columbia," edited by Eliza-beth A. Moore and Charles W. McNett, 37-75. Prepared for the Historic Preservation Division, District of Columbia. Department of Anthropology, American University, Washington, DC.

National Capital Planning Commission

1983 Comprehensive Plan for the National Capital-Federal Elements. Washington, DC

1984 Comprehensive Plan for the National Capital-District of Columbia Elements. Washington, DC.

1995 Federal Capital Improvements Program: National Capital Region - Fiscal Years 1996 - 2000. Adopted by the National Capital Planning Commission June 1995.

1996 Extending the Legacy: Planning America's Capital for the 21st Century. Washington, DC.

National Capital Region Transportation Planning Board

1991 Commuter Parking Cost Study. Washington, DC.

1993a Conformity Determination of the FY 94-99 Transportation Improvement Program for the Washington Metro-poli~un Region with the Requirement of the Clean Air Act Amendments. Pre-pared for the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, Washington, DC.

1993b Federal Employee Parking Study. Washington, DC.

1993c Transportation Improvement Program for the Metropolitan Washington Area, FY I Y94-99. Washington, DC.

1994a Long Range Transportation Plan for the National Capital Region, by Timo-thy Canan, Grove Dixon, and Mark Pfoutz. Washington, DC.

1994b Long Range Transportation Plan for the National Capital Region, Supplement A, by Pamela Lebeaux, Elizabeth Kaufman, Timothy Canan, Tonia Bleecher and Mark Pfoutz. Washington, DC.

1995 Bicycle Plan for the National Capital Region. Washington, DC.

Selected Bibtrography

National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior

1953 "A History of National Capital Parks," by Cornelius W. Heine.

1964 Lafayette Park, by George F. Olszew-ski. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

1970 President's Park South, by George F. Olszewski. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

1981 "Archeological Monitoring, Executive Residence Vault Excavations," by John F. Pousson. On file at the Executive Support Facility, White House Liaison, Washington, DC.

1985 The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Historic Preservation Pro-jects with Guidelines for Applying the Standards. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office..

1992 The White House Grounds and Gardens, 1988-1992. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

1993 President 's Park Resource Management Plan. National Capital Regional Office..

1995a "Draft Administrative History, the White House and President's Park," by William Patrick O'Brien. Denver Service Center.

I 99Sb "Archeological Evaluation Report, President's Park, Washington, D.C.," by John F. Pousson and Christine Hoeptner. Eastern Applied Archeology Center.

1995c "White House Tour Market Analysis," by Albert Galipeau. Socio-Economic Studies Unit. Washington, D.C.

1996a Environmental Assessment for the Long-term Design, Pennsylvania Avenue at the White House, President 's Park, Washington, D.C. Denver Service Center.

1996b "Ethnographic Assessment of Domestic Visitor Experience at the White House: A Preliminary Study," by Rebecca Joseph. Denver Service Center.

1997a Design Guidelines, The White House and President's Park, Washington, D.C. Denver Service Center.

1997b Environmental Assessment, Southside Barrier Replacement, Sherman Park / First Division Monument, President's Park, Washington, D.C. Denver Service Center.

1998a Environmental Assessment, Northside Barrier Replacement, Lafayette Park, President 's Park, Washington, 17. C. Denver Service Center.

1998b Environmental Assessment, Southside Barrier Replacement, Sherman Park / First Division Monument, Amendment, President 's Park, Washington, D. C. Denver Service Center.

O'Connor, James V.
1991 Urban Geology of the Nation's Capital - A Bicentennial Exploration Trip around DC. UDC Geoscience Guide-book Series #25. Department of Envi-ronmental Science, Geology, University of the District of Columbia.

Olmsted Brothers
1935 "Report to the President of the United States on Improvements and Policy of Maintenance for the Executive Mansion." Brookline, MA.

Partridge, William Ordway
1895 Art for America. Boston: Roberts Co.

Peets, Elbert
1968 On the Art of Designing Cities: Selected Essays of Elbert Peets. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Philippot, Paul
1976 "Historic Preservation: Philosophy, Criteria, Guidelines." In Preservation and Conservation: Principles and Practices, edited by Sharon Timmons. Washington, D.C. National Trust for Historic Preservation.

Reps, John W.
1991 Washington on View: The Nation's Capital since 1790. Chapel Hill: Universitv of North Carolina Press.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Schnabel Engineering Associates
I 991 "Geotechnical Engineering Report, fort Station, President's Park." Report prepared for Oehrlein & Associates.
1994 "Phase I Preliminary Geotechnical Re-view of Subsurface Conditions, White House Comprehensive Design Plan." Report prepared for BRW, Inc.

Seale, William
1986 The President's House. 2 vols. Wash-ington, DC: White House Historical Association, with the cooperation of the National Geographic Society.

1992 The White House: The History of an American Idea. Washington, DC: American Institute of Architects Press.

Sinnott, Nancy Brenner
1979 "Meanderings through the Midden. Excavations of President's Park South." Master's thesis, Department of Anthro-pology, George Washington University, Washington, DC.

Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
1973 "Ellipse One- and Two-level Garage Feasibility Studies, Summary Reports." Washington, DC.
1973 "Washington Mall Circulation System." Washington, DC.

Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
1976 Soil Survey of the District of Columbia. Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service, National Capital Parks. Washington, DC.

Trancik, Roger
1986 Finding Lost Space. Theories of Urban Design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

U.S. Department of the Treasury and U.S. Depart-ment of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration
1997 EnvironmentulAssessment. ImlJlemen-tation of White House Security Review, Vehicular Traffic Restriction Recom-mendations. Washington, DC.

U.S. Geological Survey, U. S. Department of the Interior
1950 Configuration of the Bedrock Surface of the District of Columbia and Vicinity, by N. H. Darton. Professional Paper 217. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

1964 Geolog,v and Ground- Water Resources of Washington, D.C., and Vicinity. by Paul M. Johnston. Water-Supply Paper 1776. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office..

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
1992 "Modifications to Washington, D.C. and Vicinity Flood Protection Project, General Design Memorandum." Balti-more District, MD.

U.S. Department of Labor
1995 "Bureau of Labor Statistics: Annual Report on Employment, Hours and Earnings. " Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of the Treasury
1997 Environmental Assessment: Implemen-tation of White House Security Revieu Vehicular Traffic Restriction Recom-mendations. Washington, DC.

University of Idaho, Cooperative Park Studies Unit
1993 The White House Tours, by Gary E. Machlis, Margaret Littlejohn, and Jeannie Harvey Prepared for the National Park Service. Moscow, ID.

1995 "White House Visitor Center; Customer Service Evaluation Report." Prepared for the National Park Service. Moscow, ID.

Washington, D.C., Convention and Visitors Association
1996 1995Annual Report and Travel Trends.

Young, J. M.
1977 "Archeological Analysis of Excavations at the White House, Washington, DC: A Preliminary Report." On file on the Executive Support Facility, White House Liaison, Washington, DC.

-402-

Planning Team *

National Park Service

Denver Service Center Ruth Eitel,Visual Information Specialist (1993-96, 1997-present) Christopher Finlay, Architect/Landscape Architect (1995-present)
Elizabeth Janes, Project Manager (1992-present)
Karen Andrews Lusby, Natural Resource Specialist/Economist (1992-present)
Edmundo Nieto, Jr., Architect (1993-present)
William Patrick O'Brien, Historian (1992-present)
Ann Bowman Smith, Project Coordinator (1992-present)
Gregory Sorensen, Writer/Editor (1992-present)
Dennis Strah, Landscape Architect (1992-present)

Harpers Ferry Center

Christopher Schillizzi, Interpretive Planner (1992-present)

White House Liaison

Patra Renee Lee, Secretary (1992-98)
James McDaniel, Director (1992-present)

Others

BRW, Inc., Denver, Colorado-Transportation and socioeconomic analyses
EDAW, Inc., Washington, D.C.-Cultural landscape analysis

Contributors

National Park Service

Denver Service Center

Alison Cook, Landscape Architect (1995-96)
Margaret DeLaura, Outdoor Recreation Planner (1996)
Michael Eissenberg, Mechanical Engineer (1993-present)
Jeffrey Garrett, Landscape Architect (1992-94)
Jan Harris, Public Involvement Specialist (1992-94)
Glenda Heronema, Visual Information Specialist (1992-93)
Maurice Miller, Transportation Planner (1992-present)
Jennifer Shoup, Planning Assistant (1994-95)
Richard Turk, Project Team Captain /Historical Architect (1992-94)
Robert Welch, former Section Chief, Eastern Team (1995-96)
Lori Yokomizo, Visual Information Specialist (1996 97)

White House Liaison

David Krause, Archivist, Executive Support Facility (1992-present)
Richard Napoli, Chief, Executive Support Facility (1992-present)
Tom Peyton, Manager, President's Park (1997-present)
James Melvin Poole, Manager, President's Park (1992-97)
James L. Novak, Security Office (1992-present)
Sanna Osborne, Office Service Team Leader (1992-present)
Michael Summerlin, Project Manager/Architect (1992-present)

National Capital Region

John Parsons, Associate Superintendent, Stewardship and Partnerships (1992-present)

U.S. Department of the Interior

Richard G. Robbins, Assistant Solicitor (National Capital Parks), Office of the Solicitor (1992-present)

* Parenthetical dates indicate when individuals were actively involved with the planning team. Offices for planning team members are shown for the time the individuals were primarily involved with the development of the plan

PREPARERS and CONSULTANTS

Executive Committee **

Roger G. Kennedy, Director, National Park Service, Chairman
Hon. Jodie Torkelson, Assistant to the President for Management and Administration, Executive Office of the President
Gary Walters, Chief Usher, Executive Residence at the White House
Comdr. Christopher Schanze, Special Programs Officer, White House Military Office
Alex Rodriguez, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Administration, U.S. Dcpartmcnt of the Treasury
Richard S. Miller, Assistant Director, Office of Protective Operations, U.S. Secret Service
James N. Bernard, Jr., Deputy Assistant Regional Administrator, Public Buildings Service, General Services Administration
J. Carter Brown, Chairman, Commission of Fine Arts
Reginald W. Griffith, Executive Director, National Capital Planning Commission
Cathryn Buford Slater, Chairman, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
David Colby, Director, Strategic Planning Division, Offcc of Planning, District of Columbia
Richard A. Hauser, Chairman, Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation (1993-96)
Robert G. Stanton, Regional Director, National Capital Region, National Park Service

** The officials listed for the Executive Committee represented the member agencies at the time the draft plan was formulated.

commemorative trees, x, xiv, 112, 113, 129, 141, 241,
261, 263, 27S,283, 285, 304, 306, 321

construction costs, xviii, 32, 45, 52, 100, 102, 116, 125, 163, 198, 215, 221, 222, 234, 235, 240, 241, 265, 270, 276, 278, 288, 293, 296, 299, 300, 309'316, 317, 319, 320, 361, 366, 367,
368, 370, 372, 374

construction techniques, 212, 214, 260, 366

cut and cover, 211, 215, 260, 285, 306, 368-75

tunneling, xvii, 99, 113, 119, 121, 211, 212, 216, 257, 260-62, 281-83, 285, 291-93, 299, 301, 302, 306, 307, 320, 347

cultural landscape, x, xiii-xv, 17, 20, 22, 95, 112, 113, 135, 139, 203, 205, 206, 209, 210, 243-47, 256, 257, 259, 281, 283, 284, 303-305, 327, 362, 396, 399

cultural resources, iv, x, xiii, xiv, 2, 13, 46, 52, 53, 65, 67, 75, 83, 88, 91, 95, 112, 113, 116, 135, 203, 205, 210, 221, 241, 242, 244, 245, 256, 259, 260, 265, 281, 284, 289, 302, 303, 305, 310, 325, 326, 396

archeological investigations, 205, 326

archeological resources, vi, xi, xv, 14, 18, 22, 34, 53, 75, 91, 95, 102, 103, 112, 113, 129, 136, 208, 209, 241, 246, 247, 258, 279, 283, 304, 305

historic buildings, 45, 52, 84, 98, 139, 256, 281, 283, 303, 397

historic structures, xv, 18, 112, 113, 137, 139, 204, 206, 208, 210, 248, 256, 257, 259, 260, 283, 350, 397

deliveries, vi, viii, ix, xi, xiii, xiv, xvi, 17, 26, 57, 67, 69, 76, 77, 80, 84, 92, 97, 106, 107, 112, 116, 117, 120, 121, 151, 157, 203, 206, 210, 218, 220 22, 230, 242, 245-247, 250, 253, 257, 263-66, 272, 276, 279, 287, 288, 295, 301, 308-10, 315, 321, 348

Design Guidelines, x, 6, 12, 14, 15, 41, 42, 46, 52, 54, 58, 64, 65, 72, 79, 83, 87, 94, 106, 112, 207, 208, 222, 242, 256, 266, 281, 282, 289, 303, 311,330,380

District of Columbia, vi, xii, xiii, xviii, 1, 6, 7, 10, 13-15,26,29,32,33-38,41,42,47,48,59,64, 65, 72~79, 87, 88, 94, 96, 98, 100, 110, 11.9, 122-24, 129, 137, 139, 141, 145-48, 150, 162, 164, 167, 168, 171, 172, 175, 182, 185, 190-94, 197-99, 204, 206-208, 212, 214, 221, 223, 226, 232, 233-38, 240, 241, 243, 244, 247, 248, 254, 256 59, 265, 266, 274-78, 282, 288, 2g5-300, 302-304, 309, 312, 315, 316-20, 324, 325-28, 331, 332, 337-341, 343, 344, 346-348, 350, 352-354, 360, 362, 378, 380, 396

leased parking revenue, 233, 274, 296, 316

parking revenue, 233, 234, 274, 275, 296, 316

vendor revenue, 235, 236, 274, 296, 317

Downing plan, 14, 46, 54, 130, 133-35, 153, 205, 343, 344, 346, 349, 353

E Street, vi-viii, x, xii, 22, 29, 31, 40, 41, 49, 52, 56, 60, 63, 64, 70, 72, 76, 78, 80, 83, 84, 86, 88, 91, 94, 98-101, 118, 119, 122, 125, 131, 134, 144, 147, 151, 156, 164, 175, 177, 181, 183-187, 197, 199, 205, 206, 208, 213, 217, 220, 223-30, 232, 233, 240, 243-246, 251-261, 263, 264, 267-76, 278, 281-83, 285-87, 290-97, 299-304, 311-20, 327, 346, 349, 351, 367, 369, 371, 373, 384, 396

East Executive Park, iv, viii, 9, 22, 26, 47, 55, 56, 69, 76, 7S,X0, 85, 98, 99, 104, 113, 115, 119, 129, 163, 167, 177, 183, 187, 198, 206, 219, 252, 262, 271, 282, 283 ? 286, 287, 291, 307, 312, 320

educational opportunities, xvi, 118, 164, 222-224, 267, 268, 290, 311, 312

Easter egg roll, 29, 121, 161, 169, 170, 172, 197,218, 227, 229, 253, 314

Ellipse, iv, vi-xviii, 7, 9, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 26, 27, 29, 31,32, 47, 48, 52, 53, 56~60, 61, 63, 65-67, 69-72, 76-80, 83, 86 88, 93, 94, 100-110, 112-16, 118-25, 129-31, 133, 135-37, 143-45, 147-51, 156, 161, 163, 164, 167, 169-73, 183, 185-87, 196 99, 204-206, 208-210, 212-17, 220 23, 225-31, 233, 235-37, 239-42, 244-45, 267-71, 273, 274, 276-79, 281-83, 285, 286, 288, 290 92, 295-97, 299 301, 303-307, 309, 311-17, 319-21, 327, 329, 330, 339, 343, 345, 346, 354, 359, 360, 366-371, 376, 396, 397

employment, xiii, 35-37, 122, 124, 190, 191, 233, 235-38, 244, 276, 277, 298, 299, 302, 318, 319

entryways, vi-ix, 49, 52, 56, 58, 72, 77, 80, 85, 88, 93, 102, 103, 106-108, 205, 223, 224, 227, 228, 242, 244, 256, 266, 267, 281, 290, 291, 303, 311, 367, 368, 370, 372, 374

Executive Committee, 10, 20, 46, 330, 331, 346, 396

Executive Office of the President, iii, vi, ix, xi, xii, xiv-xvii, xxii, 9, 10, 18-20, 26, 41, 47, 52, 55-5S, 69, 75-77, 83, 84, 88, 91-93, 97, 103-107, 112, 113, 115-17, 124, 125, 129, 132, 133, 137, 139, 144, 154, 155, 157, 167, 177, 181, 196, 197, 203, 206, 209, 210, 218-22, 226, 228 30, 240, 247-49, 252, 254, 256, 257, 259, 264, 265, 269, 272, 281, 283, 284, 286-88, 290, 292, 293, 300, 303-310, 313, 314, 319, 320, 329, 332, 339, 340, 342, 345-47, 352, 353, 359, 362-64, 367, 368, 370, 372, 374, 382

motorcades, vi, ix, xi, xii, xvi, xvii, 19, 26, 40, 41, 56, 69, 72, 76, 83, 84, 88, 91, 92, 104, 117, 160, 177, 206, 219, 220, 229, 230, 245, 250, 259,

INDEX

264, 265, 273, 284, 287, 288, 293-95, 305,
308-310, 368, 370, 372, 374

Executive Residence, vi-viii, xi, xiv-xvi, 10, 20, 24, 46, 47, 49,5 4, 59, 63, 67, 69, 75, 83, 85, 91, 104, 105, 107, 108, 116, 117, 128-30, 137, 151, 153, 154, 161, 196, 203, 209, 218, 219, 247, 249, 259, 263, 264, 283, 286, 287, 289, 305, 307, 308, 329, 332, 367, 368, 370, 372, 374,
379, 396

Fifteenth Street Financial Historic District, 98, 139, 207, 247, 248, 257, 282, 303, 351-55

fine and decorative arts, vi, xi, xiii, xv, 53, 83, 91, 102, 114, 203, 211, 248, 260, 284, 306, 368,
370 372 374

First Amendment activities/demonstrations, x, xii, xvii, 13, 48, 61, 78, 86, 94, 108, 109, 120, 121, 151, 169, 170, 171, 204, 227, 269, 292, 303, 313, 362

first family, iii, iv, x, xiv, xvii, 12, 14, 17, 20, 24, 29, 47, 54, 67, 72, 75, 78, 80, 83, 91, 104, 105, 109, 116, 117, 121, 134, 153, 154, 156, 157, 170, 171, 203, 207, 209, 218, 219, 247, 249, 250, 258, 259, 262, 263, 270, 281, 283, 286, 305, 307, 308, 313, 327, 368, 370, 372, 374

indoor recreation space, iii, vi, ix, xi, xv, 67, 80, 104, 105, 116, 117, 218, 219, 249, 259, 263, 281, 283, 286, 305, 307, 308, 368, 370, 372, 374

groundwater, xi, 100, 114, 147, 203, 211 15, 217, 248, 260, 261, 285, 294, 306, 367

Hamilton Place, 48, 69, 76, 98, 252, 256, 271, 273, 320, 354

historic buildings, xi, xiii, xv, 112, 113, 137, 156, 203, 209-211, 247, 259, 260, 283, 303, 305,
366

information/orientation, 26, 58, 69, 77, 85, 93, 106, 223, 251, 267, 290, 311

interpretation, 17, 20, 27, 54, 58, 61, 70, 75, 77, 83, 85, 91, 93, 102, 106, 107, 164, 167, 223, 251, 267, 290, 311, 326, 330, 337, 341, 377, 380

Jackson Place, iv, vi, 9, 14, 47-49, 56, 57, 72, 88, 99, 104, 110, 129-31, 133-35, 141, 153, 155, 160, 172, 183, 184, 205, 216, 223, 224, 241, 242, 246, 252, 262, 268, 290, 320, 343, 349-351, 353, 354, 356-358, 368, 370

jobs, xiii, xviii, 124, 190, 191, 236-38, 254, 276, 277, 298, 299, 318, 319

Lafayette Park 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 22-24, 32, 35, 42, 46, 48, 59, 61, 65, 70, 101, 112, 129-37, 139, 141, 143, 147, 148, 150, 152, 161, 167, 169-73, 187, 196, 203, 205, 210, 216, 226, 232, 243, 252, 254, 262, 269, 312, 313, 341-46, 348-50, 352, 353, 355-57

Lasyette Square National Historic Landmark District 12, 14, 98, 139, 206, 259, 350-52, 354,

leased parking, xii, xiii, xviii, 116, 122, 124, 125, 193, 221, 222, 233-35, 237, 244, 265, 274-76, 288, 296, 298, 302, 309, 316 18, 372, 374

L'Enfant plan, 7, 14, 39, 46, 131-35, 205, 338, 342-344, 346, 348, 353-355, 362, 364

level of service (LOS), xviii, 99, 100, 121, 177, 229, 253, 271-273, 293, 295, 314

local residents, xiii, xviii, 20, 58, 118, 119, 125, 225, 236, 252, 268, 291, 298, 313

Madison Place, iv, 9, 47, 49, 80, 88, 99, 129, 187, 197, 205, 223, 224, 232, 246, 252, 268, 290

McMillan plan, 39, 46, 129, 133, 205, 344, 346, 347, 353

meeting/conference space, vi, ix, xvi, 17, 26, 41, 47, 55,69,75,83,88,91,95,97, 103-105, 112,
115-17, 124, 155, 157, 210, 219, 221, 238, 247-50, 260, 264-66, 287, 289, 290, 305, 307,
308, 310, 327, 330, 351, 367, 369, 371, 372, 378

memorials, xiii, 13, 35, 39, 40, 64, 71, 86, 94, 112, 122, 132, 136, 139, 148, 149, 167, 185, 193, 196, 199, 205, 208, 236, 243, 245, 254, 256, 281, 283, 291, 303, 321. A/so see monuments

Metro stations, 79, 86, 87, 94

Metrobus, 35, 37, 122, 181, 184, 232, 253, 274, 315

Metrorail, 35, 37, 38, 64, 71, 79, 122, 181, 184, 186, 232, 244, 253, 274 302,315

mitigating measures,45, 95, 96, 203, 211, 284

monuments, vii, 18, 35, 46, 53, 67, 129, 132, 135-137, 140, 207, 294, 340, 346, 347, 351,
354, 356-60, 366, 397

national historic district, 353 national historic landmark, xv, 13, 14, 97, 98, 113, 139, 206, 256, 259, 281, 284, 303, 305, 306, 350-52, 354, 355 New Executive Office Building (NEOB), vi, ix, xii, xvii, xxii, 56, 57, 76, 77, 84, 92, 104, 106, 120, 154, 155, 206, 220, 221, 226, 228-30, 257, 265, 269, 271, 272, 308, 309, 313, 314, 315, 367, 368, 370 news media, iv, vii-ix, xi, xiv-xvi, xviii, 16, 17, 26, 45, 47, 54, 57, 69, 72, 75, 77, 80, 84, 92, 106, 107, 116, 117, 157, 203, 207, 209, 210, 215, 222, 250, 258, 259, 262, 263, 266, 281, 284, 285, 289, 298, 303, 306, 310, 327, 330, 362, 367, 369, 371-73, 375, 381-83 noise, xii, xiv, xvii, 34, 36, 37, 66, 99, 118-20, 167, 168, 204, 208, 218, 223, 225, 226, 228, 251, 252, 258, 263, 267, 269, 282, 286, 290, 292, 304, 307, 311, 313, 328, 366

Old Executive Office Building (OEOB), vi, ix, xv, xvi,xxii,9, 55,57,58,77,84, 88, 91-93, 97,
103-105, 107, 112, 113, 115, 124, 125, 129, 137, 139, 144, 154, 155, 156, 157, 167, 177, 181, 196, 197, 206, 209, 210, 218, 219, 226, 230, 240, 248, 252, 254, 256, 259, 269, 281, 283, 284, 286, 287, 290, 292, 293, 300, 303, 304, 306, 307, 309, 310, 313, 319, 320, 327, 345, 352, 353, 359, 363, 367, 369, 370, 372, 374, 375, 380, 382, 397

Olmsted plan, 14,46, 54, 130, 131, 133, 134, 153, 205, 332, 343, 346-349, 380

parking, iv, vi, ix-xviii, 18, 22, 26, 29, 31, 34-38, 40, 46-48, 52, 54-58, 64, 65, 67, 69, 71, 72, 76, 78, 79, 83, 84, 86, S8, 91, 92, 94, 97, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 107, 110 13, 115-18, 120-25, 134, 151, 155, 156, 175, 181-85, 192, 193, 199, 203-210, 214, 216, 217, 219-25, 227-37, 239 47, 250, 251, 253-66, 268, 270-79, 281, 283-89, 293-312, 314-21, 327, 339, 347, 348, 366-375, 382, 383

staffparking, iv, ix, xi, xvii, 22, 26, 46, 47, 56, 57, 72,76,92, 105, 115, 116, 121, 155, 156, 182, IS3, 210, 216, 220, 222, 244, 250, 260, 262, 265, 268, 270, 278, 288, 289, 295, 307, 308, 310, 314, 367, 374, 383

tour bus parking, 38, 65, 110, 184, 205, 232, 244, 254, 266, 274, 295, 311, 315

pedestrians, xi, 26, 31, 34, 49, 72, 80, 99, 118, 119, 186, 187, 199, 203, 221-25, 242, 250, 252, 253, 255, 265, 268, 269, 279, 288, 290-92, 301, 312, 313, 321, 366, 368-370, 374

pedestrian experience, xvi, 15, 64, 108, 119, 225, 268, 302, 312

presidential inaugural parade, xii, xvii, 29, 120, 121, 170, 172, 204, 227, 269, 292, 313

public recreation, 29, 61, 70, 78, 86, 94, 108, 109, 160, 257, 282

recreational activities, vii, 29, 61, 86, 167, 218

Seventeenth Street Historic Area, 139, 206, 248, 257, 351, 353, 354

site amenities, 29, 61, 70, 78, 85, 93, 107-109, 167, 267, 291, 312, 327

soils, 2, xv, 63, 75, 83, 91, 95, 104, 105, 114, 115, 143, 145, 147, 203, 205, 211-215, 217, 227, 248, 260-263, 285, 286, 306, 307

South Executive Avenue, viii, xv, 41, 60, 80, 224, 242, 243, 271, 282, 286, 301, 307, 354, 367

special events, iv, vii-x, xii-xv, xvii-6, 18, 20, 24, 29-32, 35,48, 61 63, 67, 70, is, 86, 88, 94, 102, 103, 108, 109, 112-14, 120, 121, 124, 125, 145, 149, 151, 157, 160, 161, 164, 168-71, 174, 177, 185, 197, 198, 204, 207, 209, 215-18, 227, 228, 238, 23.9, 244, 246-48, 252, 253, 257, 262, 265, 269, 270, 277, 281-83, 286, 292, 299, 303, 304, 307, 313, 319, 327, 329, 362, 367, 376, 378, 379

State Place, xvii, 69, 84, 9 I, 92, 131, 134, 156, 177, 220, 229-31, 236, 252, 253, 271, 281, 287, 288, 293 295, 314, 315, 349, 354, 367

storage, iii, vi, ix, xi-xvii, 26, 31, 46, 52-54, 57, 58, 65, 67, 69, 72, 75, 79, 83, 85, 87, 91, 96, 102, 104-106, 112, 114 17, 120, 124, 130, 141, 147, 153, 154, 157, 196-98, 203, 205, 208, 211, 213-15'218, 219, 221, 222, 228, 229, 239, 245-50, 253-256, 260, 263, 264, 266, 271, 277, 284, 286, 287, 289, 293, 299, 303, 306-308, 310, 314, 319, 327, 337, 345, 358, 366-372, 374, 375, 382, 383

Tourrnobile, 31, 122, 123, 167, 181, 184, 185, 204, 233, 254, 274, 296, 316, 332

traffic, iii, vi, vii, x, xii-xviii, 22, 24, 26, 29, 31, 34, 36, 37, 40-42, 45, 47, 48, 52, 63, 64, 69, 70, 72, 7B, 80, 86, 88, 92, 94, 98-103, 108, 109, 112, 113, 118-23, 125, 129-131, 134, 137, 145, 148-51, 167, 168, 175-77, 181, 185-87, 197, 198, 204-206, 208, 210, 220, 222-26, 228-30, 233, 242 48, 250-56, 258, 259, 267-74, 276, 279, 281-84, 290 96, 299, 301-305, 309, 311-19, 321, 349, 366, 369, 371, 382, 397. Also see level of service.

transportation, vi-viii, x, xii, xiv, xvii, 6, 17, 18, 22, 24,26,29,30,33 40,48,57,58,63,64,67,70, 71, 78, 79, 86, 92, 94, 99, 108-110, 120-22, 151, 175, 181, 185, 187, 197, 204, 208, 215, 218, 229, 230, 232, 243, 244, 246, 247, 249, 253-55, 257, 259, 271, 272, 282, 293, 302, 304, 305, 314, 325, 329, 331, 332, 358, 369, 371, 373, 379, 380

access, iv, vi, vii, x, xii, xiv-xviii, 12, 14, 17, 18, 20,22,24,26,29,31,32,35,37,39 41,45,47, 48, 52-54, 56 58, 60, 61, 63-67, 69-72, 75-8O 83,84,86,88,91-94,97,98, 100-102, 104-109, 113, 116-18, 120, 121, 124, 125, 130, 151, 153-55, 157, 160, 161, 166, 169, 177, 181, 184, 199, 204-206, 210, 214, 216-25, 229, 230, 241, 245, 249, 250, 252, 253, 256, 262, 264-66, 268-74, 284, 287-89, 291, 293-97, 299, 304, 308-310, 312, 314-16. 320, 361, 362, 366, 367, 369, 371, 373-375, 382, 383

circulation, vi, xi, xii, xiv, xvii, 19, 22, 29, 32, 35, 48,57,63,64,69-71,77-80,84,86,92,94,98, 99, 104, 105, 108, 109, 116, 120-22, 157, 177, 184, 203, 204, 207, 210, 216, 218, 221, 229, 250, 253, 254, 257, 259, 262, 264, 270, 271, 281, 284, 285, 287, 289, 291, 293, 303, 308, 310, 314, 348, 349, 369, 371, 373, 375

public parking, xii, xiv, xviii, 38, 56, 64, 65, 71, 79,86,94,100,110,111,122,123,181-83, 204, 220, 231, 236, 237, 244, 253, 273, 276, 295, 297, 298, 315, 317, 318

tour buses, 31, 35, 38, 65, 71, 79, 86, 87, 94, 110, 111,122,123,168,181,182,184,185,232,
253, 254, 274, 295.311, 315

Index

Treasury Building, vi, ix, xv, xvi, 9, 41, 57, 58, 72, 76, 80, 85, 92, 93, 97, 9S, 103, 104, 107, 112, 113, 125, 129, 133, 137, 139, 156, 157, 167, 196, 197, 206, 210, 222, 232, 240, 24X, 252,
254, 256, 258-60, 262, 264, 265, 269, 271, 278, 282-84, 286, 290, 292, 299, 300, 307, 319, 327, 343, 346, 348, 352, 355, 358, 363, 370, 373, 374, 397

utilities, iii, xii, xvii, 22, 29, 32, 65, 69, 75, 79, 87, 91,g4, 106, 107, 110, 116, 120, 121, 124, 125, 154, 198, 200, 204, 206, 210, 219, 228, 229, 239, 240, 250, 253, 255, 257, 264, 270, 278,
284i 299, 300, 319, 320, 366, 367, 397

vegetation, 2, 46, 88, 95, 96, 100, 104, 114, 115, 145, 148-50, 203, 211, 215-17, 227, 246, 248,
260-63, 282, 285, 286, 306, 307, 396, 397

vendors,xii,xiii, 31, 32, 108, 122, 123, 182, 192, 223, 228, 235, 236, 244, 246, 251, 254, 266,
274, 275, 29O, 297, 302, 311, 317

visitor center, iii, iv, vii-ix, xiv-xvii, 27, 29, 31, 40, 45-47, 52, 58~0, 64, 65, 69-72, 7~78, 80, 85, 88, 93, 97, 98, 102, 103, 106, 107, 113, 115, 118-21, 125, 161 64, 167, 184-87, 197,204,
205, 207, 209, 210, 212, 217, 222-25, 227-229, 232, 238-41, 243, 244, 247, 251, 256 64,
267-71, 274, 276-79, 282-84, 286, 290-93, 299,300,304-307,311,312,314,316,318-20,
327, 331, 366, 367, 369-71, 373, 375, 376

visitors, iii, vi-ix, xi-xiv, xvi-xviii, 9, 12, 14, 17, 18, 20, 22, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34-36, 38, 40, 47-49, 52,55-61,64,69,70,72,75-80,84 ,85, 87, 88, 91-94,9~100, 102-104, 106, 107, 110, 113,
117-19, 124, 125, 151, 153-55, 157, 160-64, 166-68, 172, 181, 182, 184-87, 203, 206, 218-29, 231, 232, 236, 237, 242-47, 249-52, 255, 257, 262-69, 279, 282, 283, 287-93, 298, 301, 302, 304, 308, 310-14, 321, 329, 333, 355, 362-364, 368, 370, 372, 374-377, 379, 382

visitor experience, xi, xiv, xvi-18, 29, 47, 110, 117, 119, 151, 152, 160, 163, 167, 203, 222,
227, 241-43, 250, 251, 266, 267, 269, 279, 289, 290, 292, 301, 311, 321, 376, 377

water resources
groundwater, xi, 100, 114, 147, 203, 211-215, 217, 248, 260, 261, 285, 294, 306
surface water, 114, 146, 150, 214, 215 261

West Executive Avenue, iv, vi, viii, ix, xi,, yi, xvii, 9, 26, 47, 55-57, 69, 72, 75-78, 80, 83-85, 88,91, 92, 97, 99, 129, 130, 156, 157, 177, 187, 198, 206, 209, 214-17, 219, 220, 223, 225, 229. 230, 251, 252, 256-59, 261, 263, 264, 266, 268, 271-273, 281, 283-88, 290, 291, 299, 303, 306-309, 311, 312, 314, 315, 344,367

White House public tours, ix, xvi, 22, 26, 27, 29, 70, 87, 94, 106, 110, 116, 118, 151, 153-55, 157, 160 64, 167, 171, 181, 182, 203, 205, 222-24, 227, 243, 249-251, 255, 264, 267, 308

-408-

NPS D-287 / October, 1998