The chart includes the common name and scientific name, status as native or exotic to the United States, the number of trees of that species planted in Lafayette Park, and where the tree is naturally found.
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Nordmann Fir | Abies nordmanniana | Exotic |
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Europe |
Hedge maple | Acer campestre | Exotic |
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Europe, Western Asia |
Sugar maple | Acer saccharum | Native |
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Northeastern U.S., Canada |
Horse chestnut, sp | Aesculus flava |
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Horse chestnut | Aesculus hippocastanum | Exotic |
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Europe (Balkans) |
Common boxwood | Buxus sempervirens | Exotic |
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Europe, Africa, Asia (Mediterranean) |
American yellowwood | Cladrastas lutea | Native |
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Southeastern U.S. |
Japanese dogwood | Cornus kousa | Exotic |
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Japan, Korea, China |
American beech | Fagus grandifolia | Native |
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Eastern North America |
White ash | Fraxinus americana | Native |
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Eastern U.S., Canada |
Ash, sp | Fraxinus chinensis |
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Ginkgo | Gingko biloba | Exotic |
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Eastern China |
Kentucky coffee tree | Gymnocladus dioica | Native |
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Central U.S. |
Eastern black walnut | Juglans nigra | Native |
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Eastern U.S. |
Southern magnolia | Magnolia grandiflora | Native |
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Southeastern U.S. |
Saucer magnolia | Magnolia x soulangiana | Exotic |
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hybrid, China |
Japanese flowering | Malus floribunda | Exotic |
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Japan crabapple |
Hop hornbeam, ironwood | Ostrya virginiana | Native |
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Eastern North America |
Sycamore | Platanua occidentalis | Native |
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Eastern U.S. |
Empress tree | Paulownia tomentosa | Exotic |
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China |
Sawtooth oak | Quercus accutisima | Exotic |
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China,Japan, Korea |
White oak | Quercus alba | Native |
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Eastern U.S. |
Scarlet oak | Quercus coccinea | Native |
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Southeastern U.S. |
Water oak | Quercus nigra | Native |
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Southeastern U.S. |
Pin oak | Quercus palustris | Native |
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Eastern,Central U.S. |
Willow oak | Quercus phellos | Native |
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Eastern,Central U.S. |
Northern red oak | Quercus rubra | Native |
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Eastern, Southeastern U.S. |
Japanese pagoda tree | Sophora japonica | Exotic |
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Japan, China, Korea |
Bald cypress | Taxodium distichum | Native |
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Southeastern U.S. |
English yew | Taxus baccata | Exotic |
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Europe |
Basswood | Tilia americana | Native |
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Northeastern, Central U.S. |
Littleleaf linden | Tilia cordata | Exotic |
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Europe |
Bigleaf linden | Tilia platyphyllos | Exotic |
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Europe |
American elm | Ulmus americana | Native |
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Eastern North America |
Smooth-leaved elm | Ulmus carpinifolia | Exotic |
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Europe |
Scotch (Wych) elm | Ulmus glabra | Exotic |
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Europe |
English elm | Ulmus procera | Exotic |
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Europe |
Japanese zelkova | Zelkova serrata | Exotic |
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Japan |
ROOT PRUNING
Equipment: Equipment shall be specifically designed
for root pruning. The cutter wheel shall be capable of slicing
large root systems fast and clean so as to not tear roots. The
following equipment will be considered acceptable for root pruning:
For cutting large surface or subsurface rootsa reciprocating
saw or an approved equal.
B. For depths up to 24"a Burkeen vibratory plow (model
B-30) or an approved equal.
C. For depths of 24" to 36"a Vermeer trencher
(model 1850) or an approved equal.
Execution:
A. All root pruning shall be conducted under favorable weather,
as determined by the contracting officer's representative (COR).
B. Root prune to the specified depth; roots too large to be cut
with the vibratory plow shall be excavated and cut by hand using
a reciprocating saw.
C. After the root pruning has been completed, backfill the top
3' to no more than 85% density.
D. Remove all debris and excess excavate from the site.
AERATION
Equipment:
A; Generators shall be 5,000 watts, with a minimum of 40 amps,
to simultaneously operate two drills or approved equal.
B. Drills shall be electric 3/4" chuck size capable of drilling
3" holes into soil using 3" augers.
C. Augers shall be 3"
Materials:
A. Lightweight aggregate shall be Solite 3/8-8 as manufactured
by Solite Corp., 2508 Chamberlayne Avenue, Richmond, VA., or
an approved equal. Lightweight aggregate shall be expanded shale,
clay, or slate expanded by the rotary kiln process. The aggregate
shall meet the requirements of the American Society of Testing
Materials C331-81 and C333-80. A sample of the aggregate shall
be submitted to the COR for approval prior to delivery
B. Lightweight aggregate shall be pre-bagged and delivered in
1.0 cubic foot, unopened waterproof bags.
Execution:
A. All aeration shall be conducted during the time frames
identified on the delivery orders and only during favorable weather
as determined by the COR. Aeration treatments shall only be applied
to moist soils, and no aeration treatments shall take place when
the soil is dry or excessively wet.
B. Trees to be aerated and fertilized shall have the treatment
for aeration described herein completed and accepted by the COR's
designated representative before any fertilizer applications
begin.
C. All holes shall be drilled using a soil auger and shall encompass
a square or rectangular area beginning no closer than 5' from
the trunk, outward 3' to 9' beyond the drip line. Holes should
be 3" in diameter, 18" deep, spaced 3' apart, slanted
inward toward the trunk, and backfilled with lightweight aggregate.
D. If the area beneath the spread of the branches is restricted,
reduce the aeration in proportion to the number of holes that
cannot be made. Aeration treatments shall not be duplicated where
bands of adjacent trees overlap.
E. All treated areas shall be raked or dragged at the end of
each day to evenly spread excess excavate.
F. At the conclusion of each work day the contractor shall submit
all empty Solite bags to the COR's designated representative
so that the quantities can be verified.
RECOMMENDATION
Based on the documentary research and site reconnaissance of
the Lafayette Park lodge, President's Park, Washington, D.C.,
by Harlan D. Unrau, historian, the National Park Service concludes
that this property does not meet the standards or criteria for
significance and integrity necessary for listing on the National
Register of Historic Places. Therefore, it is not eligible for
listing on the national register. This evaluation is based on
the application of national register criteria A, B. C, and D,
as outlined in the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation's
procedures at 36 CFR 800 and described in the National Register
Bulletin 15: How to Apply the National Register Criteria of Evaluation
and National Register Bulletin 16: Guidelines for Completing
National Register of Historic Places Forms: Part A, How to Complete
the National Register Nomination Form.
ANALYSIS
Significance
To be determined eligible for listing on the National Register
of Historic Places, districts, sites, buildings, structures,
and objects must possess integrity under the following criteria:
Criterion AThe site must be associated with events that
have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of
our history.
Criterion BThe site must be associated with the lives of
persons significant in our past.
Criterion CThe site must embody the distinctive characteristics
of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent
the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or
that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose
components may lack individual distinction.
Criterion DThe site must have yielded, or may be likely
to yield, information important in prehistory or history
The following analysis shows that the lodge structure does
not meet any of these criteria:
Criterion AThe Lafayette Park Lodge is located within
the boundaries of Lafayette Square Historic District (also designated
a national historic landmark), which was listed on the national
register on August 29, 1970, qualifying under both criteria A
and C. However, this simple, utilitarian structure, constructed
to provide space for park watchmen and workmen as well as public
restrooms, is not associated with the nationally significant
historical events or patterns of activity that qualifies the
district for listing on the national register under criterion
A and thus does not constitute a contributing element to the
historic district's historical significance. While the "National
Register of Historic Places InventoryNomination Form"
for the district discusses various buildings that contribute
to the historic significance of the district, it does not mention
the structure.
According to National Register Bulletin No. 15, "mere association
with historic events or trends is not enough, in and of itself,
to qualify under Criterion A"; the property's "specific
association must be considered important as well. For example,
a building historically in commercial use must be shown to have
been significant in commercial history." Because the lodge
building is not specifically associated with events that have
made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of U. S.
history, and because it is not associated with the nationally
significant historical events or patterns of activity that qualify
the Lafayette Square Historic District for listing on the national
register, the lodge fails to meet the standards for significance
for listing under criterion A.
Criterion BThe design and construction of the Lafayette
Park lodge in 1913-14 was associated with Horace W. Peaslee,
a prominent Washington, D.C., area architect. However, National
Register Bulletin No. 15 states that properties "eligible
under Criterion B are usually those associated with a person's
productive life, reflecting the time period when he or she achieved
significance." Properties "that pre- or post-date an
individual's significant accomplishments are usually not eligible....
Each property associated with an important individual should
be compared to other associated properties to identify those
that best represent the person's historic contributions."
The "best representatives usually are properties associated
with the person's adult or productive life." Properties
"associated with an individual's formative or later years
may also qualify if it can be demonstrated that the person's
activities during this period were historically significant or
if no properties from the person's productive years survive."
Peaslee prepared the construction plans and drawings for the
Lafayette Park lodge soon after he graduated from Cornell University
and took up employment with the Office of Public Buildings and
Grounds in Washington, D.C. However, he did not become a prominent
architect in the Washington area until establishing his private
architectural practice during the early 1920s. The productive
period of his professional architectural career spanned the period
from the early 1920s to the late 1950s. Moreover, when compared
with the other historic buildings, structures, and monuments
designed by Peaslee, the lodge is one of the least significant
and representative structures associated with his contributions
in architecture and landscape architecture. For instance, six
buildings, structures, and monuments with which Peaslee was associated
for design, construction, rehabilitation, or restoration purposes
are listed on the national register: (1) Meridian Hill Park;
(2) Dumbarton Oaks Park; (3) Cosmos Club; (4) Christ Church,
Washington Parish; (5) St. John's Church (also designated a national
historic landmark); and (6) Eisenhower National Historic Site
(also designated a national historic landmark). Additionally,
the Lafayette Park lodge was constructed before Peaslee's productive
years, and numerous historically significant buildings, structures,
monuments, and designed landscapes (as aforementioned) associated
with his productive life remain extant in the Washington, D.C.,
and Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, areas. Thus, the lodge fails to
meet the national register standards for significance under criterion
B.
Criterion CCriterion C applies to properties significant
for their physical design or construction, including such elements
as architecture, landscape architecture, engineering, and artwork.
To be eligible under criterion C, a property must meet at least
one of the requirements previously noted.
As previously mentioned, the Lafayette Park lodge is located
within the boundaries of the Lafayette Square Historic District,
which qualifies it in part for listing on the national register
under criterion C. However, the "National Register of Historic
Places Inventory Nomination Form," while discussing
various buildings that contribute to the architectural significance
of the district, does not mention the structure. Moreover, the
form discusses the significance of the design and layout of the
park as a designed landscape, but it does not mention the lodge
in terms of its contribution to the park's landscape architecture.
The lodge is the only extant structure of the four park lodges
constructed in 1913-14. However, the building, which was designed
and constructed as a relatively simple, inconspicuous, utilitarian
structure to provide facilities to meet park management and visitor
needs, fails to meet the standards for listing on the national
register under criterion C because it does not ( 1) embody distinctive
characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction;
(2) represent the work of a master; (3) possess high artistic
value; or (4) represent a significant and distinguishable entity
whose components may lack individual distinction.
Criterion DThe Lafayette Park lodge has not yielded,
nor is it likely to yield, information · important to
our understanding of human history or prehistory. When the lodge
was constructed in 1913-14, the former lodge building, constructed
on the same site in 1872, was razed, including its foundations
to a grade 2' belong ground level. This effort, as well as the
original grading, design, and development of Lafayette Park and
several subsequent park rehabilitation projects, has largely
decimated any archeological research potential that the site
may have once possessed. Thus, the lodge fails to meet the national
register standards for significance under criterion D.
Integrity
To be listed on the national register according to National Register
Bulletin 15, a property "must not only be shown to be significant
under the National Register criteria, but it also must have integrity."
According to National Register Bulletin 16, part A, integrity
is defined as the "authenticity of a property's historic
identity, evidenced by the survival of physical characteristics
that existed during the property's historic or prehistoric period."
To determine whether historic properties retain integrity and
address the question of whether they possess physical features
that convey their significance, seven aspects or qualities are
recognized that, in various combinations, define integrity. The
seven aspects include: location, design, setting, materials,
workmanship, feeling, and association. To retain historic integrity,
a property "will always possess several, and usually most,
of the aspects" (National Register Bulletin 15).
Although the Lafayette Park lodge retains the aspects of location
and setting, it does not possess a high degree of design, materials,
workmanship, feeling, or association. The structure has been
renovated or rehabilitated several times, and even though the
general features of its configuration and size have been retained,
its exterior has been rehabilitated and its interior plumbing
facilities and office space, as well as its storage space, have
been remodeled and rearranged on several occasions. Despite the
various rehabilitation efforts, the lodge is currently closed
by order of the U.S. Public Health Service because it poses a
public health hazard. Even though the structure remains in generally
"fair" condition, it exhibits significant structural
problems. Thus, the lodge building does not retain sufficient
integrity for listing on the national register.
EDAW, Inc., Land and Community Associates, Cynthia Zaitzevsky Associates, John Milner Associates
1995 "President's Park Cultural Landscape Report: Site History, Existing Conditions, Analysis, and Evaluation." Prepared for the National Park Service. (Copy on file at the Denver Service Center.)
Freidel, Frank, and William Pencak, eds.
1994 The White House: The First Two Hundred Years. Boston: Northeastem University Press.
Garrett, Wendell, ed.
1995 Our Changing White House. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
General Services Administration, Department of Defense, Department of Housing and Urban Development, U.S. Postal Service
1984 Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards. Washington, D.C.
Gutheim, Frederick
1977 Worthy of the Nation: The History of Planning for the National Capital. Prepared for the National Capital Planning Commission. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
National Capital Planning Commission
1983 Comprehensive Plan for the National Capital: Federal
Elements. Amended. Washington, D.C.
1984 Comprehensive Plan for the National Capital: District
of Columbia Elements. Amended. Washington, DC.
1997 Extending the Legacy: Planning America's Capital for
the 21st Century. Washington, DC.
National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior
1985 Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines
for Archeology and Historic Preservation. Washington, DC:
U.S. Government Printing Office.
1995 "Archeological Evaluation Report, President's Park,
Washington, D.C.," by John F. Pousson and Christine Hoepfner,
Eastern Applied Archeology Center.
1996a "Draft Administrative History, The White House, President's
Park, Washington, D. C., by William Patrick O'Brien. Denver Service
Center.
1996b Environmental Assessment for the Long-Term Design, Pennsylvania
Avenue at the White House, President's Park, Washington, D.C.
Denver Service Center.
1997a Design Guidelines: The White House and President's Park.
Denver Service Center.
1997b Environmental Assessment, Southside Barrier Replacement,
Sherman Park/First Division Monument, President's Park Washington,
D.C. Denver Service Center.
Peale, T. R.
1873 Prehistoric Remains Found in the Vicinity of the City of Washington, D.C. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Reps, John W.
1991 Washington on View: The Nation's Capital Since 1790. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Seale, William.
1986 The President's House. 2 vole. Washington, D.C.:
White House Historical Association, with cooperation of the National
Geographic Society.
1992 The White House, The History of an American Idea.
Washington, D.C.: The American Institute of Architects Press
in association with the White House Historical Association.
White House Liaison, President's Park
Tom Barna, Civil Engineer
Bob Humphreys, Civil/Structural Engineer
James I. McDaniel, Director, White House Liaison
Tom Peyton, Park Manager, President's Park
Ann Bowman Smith, Assistant Director for Project Development
Michael Summerlin, Assistant Director for Design and Construction
Denver Service Center
Craig Cellar, Archeologist, Cultural Resource Compliance
Elizabeth Janes, Project Manager
Pat O'Brien, Quality Leader/Cultural Resources
Mark Pritchett, Landscape Architect
Greg Sorensen, Quality Leader/Editing
Susan Spain, Landscape Architect, Job Captain
Marlen Steward, Landscape Architect (Visual Simulation)
Howie Thompson, Natural Resource Specialist
Harlan Unrau, Historian, Cultural Resource Specialist